Congestion management in distribution system integrating plug-in electric vehicles: A review

In the landscape of transportation electrification, the incorporation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into distribution systems has emerged as a crucial focal point of research in recent years. With the decline of fossil fuels, the automotive industry is swiftly transitioning from traditional vehicles to electric ones, with PEVs at the forefront of this shift. This transition is accompanied by various strategies aimed at promoting the widespread adoption of electric vehicles across different countries and regions. Forecasts indicate a rapid increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads, excluding two/three wheelers, reaching into the millions in the foreseeable future. However, this surge in EVs brings forth a significant concern: the potential strain on electrical grids. Without proper management, the uncontrolled influx of EVs could result in a sharp rise in load profiles, especially if free charging policies are implemented. Charging behaviors vary widely, from residential setups to public charging stations, each presenting its own set of challenges. While residential charging may seem individually modest, its cumulative impact can overload distribution systems. On the other hand, fast charging at public stations leads to a rapid escalation of power demand, exacerbating the overall load across multiple plug-in points. These trends indicate a substantial increase in electricity demand, potentially reaching thousands of terawatt-hours in the near future. As a result, distribution systems worldwide are facing the imminent threat of congestion due to this exponential growth in EVs. Managing this congestion poses a significant challenge for distribution system operators, who must navigate this landscape while ensuring the integrity of the network. This article undertakes a thorough literature review, exploring various strategies for congestion management in the context of PEV integration. By synthesizing a wealth of research, this review provides researchers with invaluable insights into the key challenges and diverse techniques associated with PEV integration. As transportation electrification continues to reshape our world, this article serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding and addressing the complexities of managing congestion in distribution systems amidst the proliferation of EVs.