Environmental occurrence, fate, human exposure, and human health risks of p-phenylenediamines and their quinones

被引：5

作者：

Shi, Ruiying ^{[1
]}

Zhang, Zhao ^{[2
]}

Zeb, Aurang ^{[1
]}

Fu, Xiuping ^{[3
]}

Shi, Xinwei ^{[1
]}

Liu, Jinzheng ^{[1
]}

Wang, Jianling ^{[1
]}

Wang, Qi ^{[1
]}

Chen, Cuihong ^{[1
]}

Sun, Wei ^{[4
]}

Liu, Weitao ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin

[2] Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin

[3] Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin

[4] Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin

来源：

Science of the Total Environment | 2024年 / 957卷

基金：

中国国家自然科学基金;

关键词：

Distribution; Exposure pathway; Human health; Metabolism and excretion; PPD-Qs; PPDs;

D O I：

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177742

中图分类号：

学科分类号：

摘要：

P-phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs) are widely used in the rubber industry and their release and transformation in the environment has become one of the current environmental research hotspots. PPDs are readily oxidized in the environment to form quinone transformation products (PPD-Qs), some of which (e.g. 6PPD-Q) have been shown to be highly toxic and persistent in the environment, posing a potential threat to aquatic organisms and ecosystems. The present study provides an overview of the physicochemical properties, environmental distribution, and potential human exposure and toxicological effects of PPDs and PPD-Qs. PPDs and PPD-Qs are found in water, air, dust and soil around the world, and humans are inevitably exposed to them by inhaling, ingesting and through dermal contact. There is growing evidence indicates that PPDs and PPD-Qs are present in human body fluids and tissues, where they are subject to metabolic and transformational processes in the liver and blood. Furthermore, PPDs and PPD-Qs have the potential to induce adverse health effects, including digestive, respiratory, neurotoxic and reproductive toxicity. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of evidence concerning the direct effects of PPDs and PPD-Qs on human health. Consequently, future research should concentrate on this area in order to provide quantitative support for the assessment of the risk posed by PPDs and PPD-Qs to human health. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

引用

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