The role of tumor types in immune-related adverse events

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that block inhibitors of T cell activation and function. With the widespread use of ICIs in cancer therapy, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have gradually emerged as urgent clinical issues. Tumors not only exhibit high heterogeneity, and their response to ICIs varies, with "hot" tumors showing better anti-tumor effects but also a higher susceptibility to irAEs. The manifestation of irAEs displays a tumor-heterogeneous pattern, correlating with the tumor type in terms of the affected organs, incidence, median onset time, and severity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenic patterns of irAEs can provide novel insights into the prevention and management of irAEs, guide the development of biomarkers, and contribute to a deeper understanding of the toxicological characteristics of ICIs. In this review, we explore the impact of tumor type on the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs and further elucidate how these tumor types influence the occurrence of irAEs. Finally, we assess key candidate biomarkers and their relevance to proposed irAE mechanisms. This paper also outlines management strategies for patients with various types of tumors, based on their disease patterns.