Aconitum vilmorinianum Kom.: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Aconitum vilmorinianum Kom. is a perennial herb from the genus Aconitum in the Ranunculaceae family, notable for its high toxicity yet common use in treating bruises. It holds significant medicinal value among several ethnic minorities in China, including the Yi, Hani, Naxi, and Pumi, due to its unique biological attributes and widespread traditional uses. Aim of the study: This review analyzes A. vilmorinianum's biological characteristics, traditional uses, ethnopharmacology, chemical composition, pharmacological activities, toxicity, endophyte isolation, processing methods, and artificial-cultivation techniques. Materials and methods: Information on A. vilmorinianum was gathered from globally recognized electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, ACS, and CNKI. Results: Eighty-seven chemical components such as diterpenoid alkaloids, glycosides, and flavonoids, have been isolated and identified from A. vilmorinianum. These compounds display multiple toxicities, including cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Experimental studies have demonstrated that processing reduces toxicity while preserving efficacy. Conclusion: The compounds yunaconitine and bulleyaconitine in A. vilmorinianum are effective in treating inflammation and various pain types. Appropriate processing and formulation significantly reduce their toxicity and increase the plant's therapeutic efficacy.