Integrating Health and Economic Perspectives: A Comprehensive Review of Dust Mitigation Policies

Dust poses significant health risks, contributing to eye infections, respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, and increased mortality. Effective mitigation strategies are crucial for minimizing these risks. This study reviews and designs a comprehensive dust and air quality control strategic plan informed by successful mitigation efforts in both local and large-scale projects. Biological stabilization methods were analyzed and employed in mega-projects, particularly in the Middle East, to address sand and dust storm (SDS) hotspots. Furthermore, local studies were examined utilizing targeted mitigation measures, based on aerodynamic principles, to divert SDS and dust away from vulnerable areas like urban centers, schools, farms and hospitals. Finally, we propose tailored mitigation strategies for renewable energy stations to enhance their resilience to dust and aerosol-related environmental challenges. This research culminates in a comprehensive strategy for managing dust and improving air quality across diverse sectors, including hospitals, schools, urban areas, and livestock pens, addressing both indoor and outdoor environments.Graphical AbstractThe graphical abstract summarizes the detrimental effect of sand and dust storms (SDS) on human health, leading to respiratory, cardiovascular, and eye complications, as well as economic costs. It advocates and compares between areas with and without mitigation dust and air quality plans, informed by the analysis of successful mitigation efforts in both large-scale projects (Stabilizing SDS hotspots) and local initiatives (e.g., aerodynamic diversion techniques using biological fences). It highlights the need for tailored mitigation strategies specifically designed to protect vulnerable areas and populations, including schools, hospitals, urban centers, livestock/poultry facilities, and infants. These strategies consider both indoor and outdoor environments. Biological stabilization methods, involving native plants and drought-resistant vegetation, are presented as effective measures for stabilizing SDS hotspots and controlling sand encroachment in urban areas. The use of native species is emphasized for their ecological benefits and compatibility with local environments. It also outlines a comprehensive strategy for air quality control and dust mitigation, including public awareness campaigns, protective measures during high-exposure events, and improvements in building infrastructure, air conditioning systems, sustainable energy, and individual health practices. Furthermore, addressing anthropogenic activities that exacerbate air pollution is critical for future sustainability.