Utilization of Mango Peel Dietary Fiber to Enhance the Nutritional, Physical, and Sensory Properties of Biscuits

This study investigated the incorporation of mango peel dietary fiber (MPDF) extracted from two Bangladeshi mango varieties (Himsagar and Amrapali) into biscuit formulations to enhance nutritional quality and reduce agrowaste. Both the mango peels were analyzed for physicochemical properties, where Amrapali peels exhibited higher dietary fiber (9.15%) and oil absorption index (5.76-5.83 g/g), while Himsagar peels had higher protein content (3.7% vs. 3.5%) and a higher phenolic content (23.06 mg GAE/g). The crude fiber extracted from both varieties contained 46.52%-47.15% total fiber, with insoluble and soluble fractions of 28.02%-28.27% and 18.46%-18.88%, respectively. Both the MPDF exhibited similar morphologies such as complete, rough, porous, and loosened structures. Biscuits were prepared with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% MPDF substitution and analyzed for nutritional, physical, textural, and sensory attributes. Results showed a significant increase in crude fiber content (from 1.79% to 5.74%) and moisture content (from 7.48% to 9.93%) with increasing MPDF levels (p < 0.05). Conversely, protein, fat, and ash contents decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Firmness, stickiness, and strength of the biscuit dough were decreased significantly among the samples that indicating the dough became softer compared to control. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity increased markedly, reaching 12.30 mg GAE/g at 8% MPDF. Hardness of biscuits increased as MPDF concentration rose from 2% to 8% in the biscuit samples. In addition, with the elevated levels of MPDF supplementation, there was a decrease in brightness, redness, and yellowness of biscuits. Biscuits with up to 6% MPDF maintained favorable sensory attributes while offering significantly increased dietary fiber and antioxidant content (p < 0.05). The findings demonstrate the potential of MPDF as a sustainable, functional ingredient in bakery products, with 6% supplementation identified as the optimal level for balancing enhanced nutrition and consumer acceptability.