Harnessing the Power of Marine Biomass-Derived Carbon for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Marine biomass presents a promising and sustainable pathway for advancing electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies. This review provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art examination of marine biomass-derived carbon as a high-performance electrode material for EES devices. The global abundance and distribution of marine biomass are discussed, followed by a detailed investigation into the chemical composition of various aquatic organisms. Key conventional synthesis methods for converting marine biomass into carbon are critically analyzed, emphasizing strategies to enhance electrochemical performance. Diverse applications of marine biomass-derived carbon in EES are explored, offering an in-depth evaluation of its electrochemical activity and mechanical properties in relation to structural variations. A dedicated section addresses the "Technology to Market" transition, presenting a strategic overview of the commercial potential of this material. Lastly, the review identifies current challenges and future opportunities, emphasizing the need for continued research into both structural innovations and scalable solutions to advance sustainable energy storage systems, addressing critical environmental and economic issues.