Cold stimulation is feasible and has limited aversiveness in healthy, pain-free dogs

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the applicability and repeatability of cold stimulation in dogs. Animals: 10 healthy Beagle dogs were used in a blinded cross-over experiment. Methods: Measurements were performed in triplicate at 4 skin locations. The probe was manually placed, and temperature decreased (32 to 10 degrees C) at different cooling rates (0.5, 1, and 5 degrees C second-1) and latency was measured (11 degrees C for 60 seconds). Stimulations were discontinued when avoidance reactions were detected. Thermal threshold or time-to-reaction were recorded. Experiments were performed 3 times per animal in weeks 1 (Exp1), 2 (Exp2), and 5 (Exp3). Feasibility of cold stimulation was scored (0-5). Data were analyzed with mixed logistic regression. Results: No significant differences in number of avoidance reactions between cooling-rates were detected. Significantly more reactions (P < .001) were observed during Exp1 compared to Exp2 and Exp3. Thermal thresholds were 13 +/- 2.6 degrees C, 17.7 +/- 4 degrees C and 16.3 +/- 4.6 degrees C for 5, 0.5 and 1 degrees C second-1, respectively. Latency to the reaction was determinable in 37% of measurements. The mean time-to-reaction was 13 +/- 11 seconds. In 85% of measurements, a feasibility score of 0 (best feasibility) was assigned. Clinical relevance: The method is easily applicable and well tolerated, but habituation could not be excluded. Overall, the aversiveness of cold stimulation in healthy dogs is limited and it is not possible to recommend a specific protocol. In future studies, it needs to be determined if the aversiveness of cold stimulation is increased in diseased dogs.