Determinants of Overall and Readmission-Free Survival in Patients with Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression

Background. The aim of this study was to assess the surgical outcomes and survival of patients surgically treated for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC), with a specific focus on identifying factors that influence overall survival and readmission-free survival. Methods. All patients who underwent surgery for spine metastases at our department in the period 2018-2022 were included in the study. Results. A total of 175 patients (n = 71 females, median age 67.15 years) were included. The most common primary tumors were lung carcinoma (n = 31), prostate carcinoma (n = 31), breast carcinoma (n = 28), multiple myeloma (n = 25), and renal cell carcinoma (n = 11). ECOG performance status was 0 (n = 7), 1 (n = 97), 2 (n = 27), 3 (n = 17), and 4 (n = 27). Pathological fractures were present in n = 108 patients. Decompression only was performed in n = 42, additional instrumentation in n = 133, and vertebral body replacement in n = 23. The most common complications were wound healing deficits and hardware failure. Preoperative motor deficits were present in n = 89 patients. Postoperatively, n = 122 improved, n = 43 was unchanged, and n = 10 deteriorated. Mean overall survival (OS) was 239.2 days, with a 30-day mortality rate of 18.3%. Favorable prognostic factors included Tomita score < 7, Frankel score A-C, ECOG 0-1, and Modified Tokuhashi score > 10 (p < 0.01). Factors affecting OS and readmission-free survival (RFS) included prognostic scores, adjuvant therapy, ASA classification, surgical complications, metastasis number, and postoperative improvement. Better prognostic scores, adjuvant therapy, and clinical improvement were associated with longer OS and RFS, while complications or deterioration resulted in worse outcomes. Conclusions. Patients undergoing decompression and/or stabilization for metastatic spinal tumors showed improved outcomes, with favorable prognosis linked to Tomita score < 7, Frankel score A-C, ECOG 0-1, and Modified Tokuhashi score > 10.