Protective Role of Jimson Weed in Mitigating Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular, and Renal Dysfunction in Diabetic Rat Models: In Vivo and in Silico Evidence

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by irregular carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. DM patients are at a high risk of developing dyslipidemia and cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. This study evaluated the impact of Jimson weed on blood glucose, lipid profile, and renal indices using rat models.Methodology The rats were divided into six classes, with rats in each class receiving alloxan intraperitoneally orally twice daily for 14 days. The rats were assigned into six classes (A-F), (n = 6). Rats in classes A-E were intraperitoneally injected with 2 g of alloxan dissolved in 20 mL of distilled water (100 mg/kg body weight). Rats in class F received neither alloxan nor any form of treatment. Rats in classes A, B, and C were given 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of Jimson weed leaf extract, while rats in class D received 5 mg/kg body weight of Glibenclamide. Rats in class E were given normal saline (0.1 mL) only. Blood glucose levels were measured using a Glucometer, and lipid profile and renal markers were assayed using approved procedures. Docking analysis targeted key proteins with potential roles in lipid dysregulation and renal dysfunction associated with diabetes.Results The study found that diabetes in the rats led to abnormalities in lipid profiles, electrolytes, urea, and creatinine serum levels. In diabetic control rats, the level of total cholesterol increased by over 216.67%, while the concentrations of triacyglycerol and low density lipoprotein also showed a similar trend. Notably, there was a reciprocal impact on the high-density lipoprotein, which decreased by a similar magnitude in diabetic controls compared to normal control rats. In the other calculated indices; atherogenic and coronary risk indices, Cl-, urea, and creatinine levels were elevated, and a decreased cardio-protective index, Na+, and K + . Jimson weed ethanol extract alleviated these impacts. The study also investigated compounds' molecular properties and docking results targeting key proteins in lipid metabolic pathways and immune response. The compounds showed promising binding affinities to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoAR), and melanoma 2 (AIM2) proteins.Conclusion Jimson weed offers a promising option for treating T2DM, cardiovascular, and renal complications, as it exhibits hypolipidemic, cardioprotective, and renal protective properties, overcoming limitations in traditional medicines.