Concurrent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature

Introduction: Concurrent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare condition. This simultaneous occurrence poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to the unique characteristics and treatment protocols of each cancer. An accurate diagnosis is crucial to optimizing treatment outcomes and prognosis. Presentation of case: We present a case of a 55-year-old male with type 2 diabetes and psoriatic arthritis, referred for an elevated serum CA 19-9 level found during a check-up. Imaging studies, including CT and EUS, revealed a 6 cm mass in the pancreatic head. EUS-guided biopsy confirmed PDAC. After a Whipple procedure, pathology showed concurrent poorly differentiated NEC with a 30 % neuroendocrine component. After surgery, the patient received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy and was disease-free at six months post-surgery. Discussion: This case illustrates the diagnostic intricacy of simultaneous PDAC and poorly differentiated NEC. Effective management in such scenarios benefits from a collaborative approach among surgeons, oncologists, and pathologists. Due to the limited number of documented cases, there is insufficient evidence to inform the best treatment strategies, particularly concerning the most effective chemotherapy options. This case adds to the growing body of literature on rare concurrent pancreatic tumors and highlights the need for further research to enhance understanding and develop comprehensive clinical guidelines. Conclusion: The combination of PDAC and poorly differentiated NEC poses unique diagnostic and treatment challenges. This case underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and calls for further research to develop evidence-based management protocols for these rare malignancies.