Multi-criteria GIS-based approach for optimal site selection of solar and wind energy

This research introduces a comprehensive multi-criteria geographic information system-based approach designed to determine optimal locations for solar and wind energy development by integrating geographic information system, multi-criteria decision analysis, and the analytical hierarchy process. The methodology enables spatial analysis that considers a wide range of environmental, economic, and technical factors, producing suitability maps that prioritize locations for renewable energy infrastructure. Applied to the geographic and climatic context of Iraq, the approach addresses the countries' growing energy demands and infrastructure constraints by identifying regions with high renewable energy potential. the analysis resulted in 38.33 % of the total study area being suitable for utility-scale solar photovoltaic installations, 12.44 % for large-scale wind farms, and 34.47 % for small-scale solar photovoltaic projects. site selection criteria included solar irradiance, wind speed, terrain slope, ambient temperature, land use, elevation, and proximity to infrastructure such as roads and power lines. the study demonstrates the critical role of spatial decision-making tools in promoting sustainable energy strategies, especially within developing countries experiencing energy deficits and environmental pressures.