The Devil in Arabic Literature Books: Al-Jahiz's Works as a Model

This study examines the depiction of the devil in Arabic literature, focusing on Al-Jahiz's (& ouml;l: 160/ 777) perspective, in which he portrays the devil as a symbol rich in philosophical and moral meanings. The research explores how Al-Jahiz employs this character, blending humor with deep analysis. He presents various names and classifications of devils, transmitting accounts from sorcerers and soothsayers who claim to interact with them, while highlighting the differences among devils based on their strength and abilities. The study also delves into the stereotypical image of the devil, which has been ingrained in people's minds despite never having seen him. AlJahiz supports this idea by citing the Qur'an, arguing that aversion to the devil is an inherent part of human nature and that all people, regardless of their differences, regard the devil as the embodiment of ugliness. Furthermore, the article discusses the notion of human-devil marriage, a concept frequently explored in Arabic literary works and treatises dedicated to the study of devils. Al-Jahiz references Qur'anic interpretations and various narratives that support this idea, suggesting that there may be interaction between humans and devils that, in some cases, leads to intermarriage. He also cites historical events as evidence. A portion of the study is dedicated to examining the relationship between the devil and animals, particularly dogs. Al-Jahiz addresses the widespread belief that black dogs are associated with devils but challenges this view, arguing that wolves are more fittingly linked to deceit and cunning. He asserts that wolves, rather than dogs, should be the animals most associated with devils. Similarly, he rejects the popular belief that roosters protect against devils and disputes the notion that geckos are connected to the devil. He critiques the widely held belief that the gecko blew on Prophet Ibrahim's fire. Additionally, Al-Jahiz cites numerous Arabic poems and proverbs related to the devil in his works. Among the issues AlJahiz explores is the ability of devils to shape-shift and assume different forms. According to him, some devils can take on the appearance of beautiful women and even wear their clothing, transforming into figures of extraordinary beauty. However, they cannot alter their feet, which must retain their original form, resembling those of a donkey or a similar creature. Finally, Al-Jahiz provides a detailed discussion on the devils' ability to eavesdrop on conversations. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzing Al-Jahiz's texts and linking them to the intellectual and religious contexts that shaped his vision. The article highlights how the figure of the devil in Arabic literature is not merely a symbol of evil but also a tool for understanding the psychological and moral complexities faced by humans.