Characterization of subclinical depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults with subjective cognitive decline progressing to objective cognitive impairment: A prospective 4-year follow-up study

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is linked to a more rapid progression to the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). SCD has been correlated with affective symptoms such as depression and anxiety. Recent research aimed to shed light on the relationship between these affective symptoms and how they might correlate to a more rapid progression to objective cognitive impairment. No studies have assessed the presence, type, and intensity of depressive and anxiety symptoms between SCD individuals who progressed versus those who did not. Objective: This study aimed to establish whether there are differences between subclinical depressive and anxiety symptoms in terms of presence, type, and intensity of symptoms presented by individuals with SCD who progressed to an objective cognitive decline. Methods: The recruited participants originated from the Consortium for the Early Identification of Alzheimer's Disease - Qu & eacute;bec (CIMA-Q) cohort. They were assessed twice, with an interval of 4 years separating the evaluations. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) and depression symptoms using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30). Results: The presence, type and intensity of anxiety symptoms did not significantly distinguish the two groups. Only one type of hopelessness-related depressive symptom was significantly higher in SCD participants who had progressed to objective cognitive decline compared with those who had not. Conclusions: Our results suggest that it may be beneficial to target hopelessness in non-pharmacological interventions aimed at preventing the progression of people with SCD to MCI or AD.