Trends in hospital discharge outcomes among high-risk Medicare beneficiaries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction Medicare beneficiaries face significant health risks and care disruptions during public health emergencies, but little is known about how care patterns evolved throughout the COVID-19 pandemic or differed between traditional Medicare (TM) and Medicare Advantage (MA).Methods Using Medicare claims data for over 20 million hospital discharges during 2018-2022, we examined trends in hospital length of stay, discharge disposition, and mortality among beneficiaries with 5 major comorbidities (dementia, diabetes, congestive heart failure, hip fracture, and stroke), stratified by COVID status and payer type.Results We found that COVID patients initially experienced substantially longer hospital stays (8.3 vs 4.6 days) and higher 30-day mortality (34% vs 5%) compared to patients without COVID. MA beneficiaries showed consistently higher home health utilization but similar mortality patterns to TM enrollees. By mid-2022, most outcome differences had converged between COVID and non-COVID patients, suggesting health system adaptation to the pandemic.Conclusion Our findings highlight how the pandemic was associated with shifts toward home-based post-acute care, emphasizing the need for policies supporting home-based care infrastructure and flexible care delivery models that could help health systems better adapt during future public health emergencies.