How TikTok Influencers Disclose Food and Beverage Brand Partnerships: Descriptive Study

Background: Food and beverage marketing is an important influence on the health and diets of adolescents. Food and beverage companies spend billions of dollars annually on advertisements to promote their products and are increasingly focusing on social media influencers. Influencer product endorsements blur the line between entertainment and marketing. Objective: This study aimed to quantify how often TikTok influencers promote products from food and beverage brands and document the range of ways they disclose brand relationships in their content. Methods: We collected up to 100 videos posted on or before July 1, 2022, from each of the top 100 influencers on TikTok in the United States and recorded information about the influencer (eg, number of followers) and video (eg, number of views and likes). For each video that contained food or beverage products, we identified the main product featured. A team of research assistants then coded each video for how the product was featured (ie, in the video, audio, or caption) and, for branded products, whether the video was accompanied by any disclosures of brand relationships. Average pairwise percentage agreement among coders was 92%, and average pairwise Cohen kappa was 0.82. Results: Among the 8871 videos from 97 influencers that made up the final analytical sample, we identified 1360 videos (15.3%) that featured at least one food or beverage product. These 1360 videos were viewed >9 million times and received >1 million likes each. Nearly half (n=648, 47.6%) of the videos featured a branded product. Most videos featuring a branded product did not contain a brand relationship disclosure (n=449, 69.3%). Among videos that disclosed a brand relationship, influencers used 10 different types of disclosures. Tagging a brand in the video's caption was the most common disclosure method (n=182, 28.1%). Six types of caption hashtags were used to disclose brand relationships, including #[brandname] (n=63, 9.7%) and #ad (n=30, 4.6%). Only 1 video (0.2%) made use of TikTok's official disclosure label and only 1 video (0.2%) verbally mentioned a contractual agreement with a brand. Conclusions: Among the food and beverage videos with disclosures we identified, the most frequently used mechanism-tagging the brand-did not clearly differentiate between sponsored content and the influencer trying to attract a brand or followers who may like that brand. Social media users, particularly adolescents, need clearer, more robust disclosures from influencers to protect against the undue influence of food marketing. These findings may also inform calls for the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative-the largest self-regulatory pledge to reduce unhealthy food marketing-to include older adolescents, who are heavily targeted by food and beverage companies on social media.