A review of deep learning techniques for enhancing spectrum sensing and prediction in cognitive radio systems: approaches, datasets, and challenges

Cognitive radio (CR) is an emerging wireless technology designed to optimize frequency band usage and address spectrum shortages. Spectrum sensing and prediction are crucial for cognitive radios to make intelligent spectrum access decisions and dynamically alter transmission parameters based on real-time spectrum conditions. These techniques contribute to the efficient use of the spectrum. However, they encounter significant obstacles such as noise uncertainty, low signal-to-noise ratios, channel fading, and more, necessitating robust and intelligent solutions. Deep learning has attracted much attention and displayed great potential in various fields in recent years. This review paper provides a thorough examination of the use of deep learning techniques in spectrum sensing and prediction in the context of cognitive radio. It examines the available literature in depth, highlighting the techniques, the assessment keys, datasets, and limitations of the investigations. The article seeks to provide significant insights and guidance for future developments in harnessing deep learning for better cognitive radio spectrum management by critically assessing the present state of research. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.