A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Research on Barriers and Facilitators to Home Hemodialysis

IntroductionThe growing prevalence of chronic kidney disease has led to an increased demand for kidney replacement therapies. Although a kidney transplant is the preferred treatment for patients, many patients require dialysis temporarily before receiving a transplant or are unsuitable transplant candidates requiring long-term dialysis. Home hemodialysis (home HD) is cost-effective and associated with improved patient outcomes; however, its adoption remains low. There is a need to understand the factors that may support or hinder the use of home HD. Accordingly, a systematic review of the qualitative literature was conducted to identify barriers and facilitators to home HD for patients, their carers/family, and healthcare professionals.MethodsThis systematic review was carried out following ENTREQ guidelines. Electronic searches were conducted on Medline (OVID), EMBASE, CINAHL (EBSCO), and PsycINFO. The COM-B and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) were used to collate the barriers and enablers identified within the papers through deductive content analysis.ResultsThirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Within the capability component of the COM-B model, lack of knowledge of home HD was identified as a barrier by healthcare professionals and patients. Within the opportunity component, the suitability of patients' homes (e.g., home modifications) and the healthcare system was identified as barriers to home HD. Fostering an environment of support and community was seen as a facilitator of home HD. Within the motivation component of the model, a lack of confidence and reluctance of patients to burden their family members with the responsibility of treatment were perceived as barriers. Improvements in the quality of life for the person receiving home HD were regarded as a motivator.ConclusionTo encourage widespread home HD use, understanding its barriers and facilitators for patients and the healthcare system is key to developing and implementing effective interventions to increase uptake.