Aspergillosis Osteomyelitis of the Mandible: A Case Report and Literature Review

Aspergillosis is an uncommon fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species, predominantly affecting immunocompromised individuals. While pulmonary involvement is common, extrapulmonary manifestations such as osteomyelitis are uncommon. Aspergillus osteomyelitis of the mandible is an exceptionally rare and life-threatening condition, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We present the case of a 13-year-old immunocompromised patient diagnosed with this condition. The patient presented with persistent jaw pain, swelling, and radiographic evidence of extensive bone destruction. Diagnosis was confirmed through fungal cultures and histopathological examination, which identified Aspergillus species. The patient underwent surgical debridement and prolonged antifungal therapy, leading to clinical improvement. Aspergillus osteomyelitis of the mandible is exceedingly rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent further bone destruction and associated complications. This case underscores the importance of considering fungal infections in the differential diagnosis of osteomyelitis, particularly in at-risk populations. It also emphasizes the potential role of antifungal prophylaxis in reducing the severity of invasive fungal infections when they occur. Managing this condition presents significant challenges, including the need for aggressive antifungal therapy and the risk of recurrence.