Comparison of the recovery profiles of propofol, dexmedetomidine, and remimazolam for intraoperative sedation in patients undergoing upper limb surgery under brachial plexus blockade: a randomized controlled trial

Purpose The ideal sedative should have a rapid onset, short duration, and quick and predictable recovery. Despite the increasing use of the recently developed sedative remimazolam for intraoperative sedation, there is a paucity of research on its comparative recovery profile. Our aim was to compare the recovery profiles of intraoperative sedation with propofol, dexmedetomidine, and remimazolam in patients undergoing surgery under regional anesthesia. Methods We included 119 patients scheduled to undergo upper limb surgery under brachial plexus blockade in a randomized controlled trial. We randomized patients to receiving intraoperative sedation with propofol, dexmedetomidine, or remimazolam. The primary outcome was the recovery time (from the completion of infusion to attaining a Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation score of 5). As secondary outcomes, we assessed other recovery profiles, including length of stay, quality of recovery, and the Aldrete score. Results The mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) recovery time was 19 min (95% CI, 16 to 22) for patients in the dexmedetomidine group, 17 min (95% CI, 15 to 19) for the remimazolam group, and 12 min (95% CI, 10 to 13) for the propofol group (P < 0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed that the recovery time in the remimazolam group was longer compared to that in the propofol group (mean difference, 5 min; 95% CI, 3 to 8; Bonferroni adjusted P < 0.001). We found no significant differences among the three groups in the recovery-related secondary outcomes (all P > 0.05). Conclusions Patients in the propofol group exhibited the most rapid recovery time from intraoperative sedation under regional anesthesia, followed by those in the remimazolam and dexmedetomidine groups. We found no differences in the recovery-related secondary outcomes.