A comprehensive exploration of graphene and graphene oxide based hydrogels - Methods, characteristics, and applications

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the integration of graphene and graphene oxide (GO) in hydrogel systems, detailing the methods of fabrication, elucidating the resultant properties, and highlighting their diverse applications. Graphene derivatives, characterized by outstanding electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical robustness, impart unique advantages to hydrogel matrices. Their capacity to selfassemble with hydrogel networks and accommodate a wide range of molecules positions them as exceptional gelator. The distinct molecular interactions between graphene derivatives and polymer matrices lead to the development of hydrogels with augmented properties. The application spectrum of graphene oxide-based hydrogels encompasses energy storage, biosensor technology, wastewater treatment, supercapacitors, and biomedical domains. In this review, we underscore the significance of these hydrogels as mechanically resilient materials, proficient drug delivery vehicles, and electrically conductive substrates. Additionally, we present an in-depth analysis of fabrication methodologies, providing insights into optimizing the incorporation of graphene and GO in hydrogel systems. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field, offering a nuanced understanding of the potential and versatility of graphene-based hydrogels across a myriad of applications.