Barriers and Enablers to Physical Activity Participation Among Women in Underserved Communities: A Mixed-Methods Study

Physical inactivity is a significant global health challenge, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Regular physical activity (PA) improves both physical and mental health, particularly for women, who are at higher risk of chronic conditions associated with inactivity. This study examines barriers and enablers to PA participation among women aged 18-65 in port and coastal communities in East England, a population disproportionately affected by socioeconomic and logistical challenges. Using a mixed-methods convergent parallel design, data were collected from 112 women recruited through local PA and weight loss programmes. Quantitative data were gathered using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale (EBBS) and analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression in SPSS. Qualitative data obtained through scenario-based and open-ended questions were thematically analysed in NVivo. Key findings indicate that healthcare professionals were the primary source of PA information (40%), while health benefits (36%) were the most frequently cited motivator for participation. Barriers to engagement included family responsibilities (45%), low self-confidence (31%), and limited access to facilities (27%). Women with caregiving roles or chronic health conditions were significantly less likely to engage in PA. Qualitative analysis highlighted additional psychological and environmental barriers but also identified motivators such as social support, medical advice, and personal goals. The study concludes that addressing socioenvironmental and psychological barriers to PA requires community-based, multilevel interventions. Leveraging support networks and culturally relevant programming can play a crucial role in sustaining PA engagement among women in these underserved port and coastal communities.