Barriers and enablers to general practitioner referral of older adults to hearing care: a systematic review using the theoretical domains framework

PurposeThe purpose of this systematic review was to identify and synthesise the literature regarding barriers and enablers affecting general practitioner (GP) referral to hearing care for their older patients (50 years and over).MethodsA search of peer-reviewed articles reporting primary empirical studies was conducted across CINAHL, Ovid Medline and Scopus, with search terms relating to the search domains "General Practitioner", "Referral", "Hearing loss", and "adults aged 50 and older". Qualitative and quantitative studies were included if they reported barriers or enablers to referral. A mixed-methods approach was used to synthesise the findings of the included studies, firstly into the Theoretical Domains Framework of behaviour change, and then into more granular sub-themes.ResultsThe initial search yielded 859 unique studies. Title and abstract screening identified 21 studies of possible relevance, and full text review identified seven studies for inclusion in this review. A total of 19 unique themes were identified and coded to 10 of the 14 domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework; however thematic overlap between studies was low and fewer than half of these themes were consistently identified as either a barrier or enabler. Four main barriers to referral to hearing care were identified: Lack of time, lack of familiarity with diagnostic criteria and tools, lack of knowledge of treatments and higher relative importance of other health conditions.ConclusionThe minimal overlap of themes and low agreement on which of these constitute barriers and enablers for referral indicates a need for further research to provide greater clarity in this area and explain the heterogeneity of these results.