Evaluating the Protective Effect of Rutin Nanoformulation in a Rat Model of Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses chronic gastrointestinal conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Despite their differing pathophysiologies, these conditions are influenced by common factors, including genetics, environmental influences, and gut microbiota. Recent studies suggest that oxidative stress significantly contributes to intestinal inflammation. Additionally, medicinal plants are recognized for their efficacy in treating various illnesses, forming the basis of many modern medications. Objectives: This study investigated the potential of rutin, a natural compound, by synthesizing it into nanoparticles. These rutin nanoparticles were designed to enhance drug solubility and intestinal absorption, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy and shelf life. Methods: Thirty adult rats were divided into six groups for this experiment. Excluding the control group, all were treated with 2 mL of 4% acetic acid (AA) followed by sulfasalazine. Subsequently, three different dosages of rutin nanoparticles (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) were administered. The evaluation included tests for glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as macroscopic and microscopic analyses. Results: Intracolonic administration of AA resulted in severe acute inflammation in the colonic tissue, which was improved by rutin nanoparticles in both microscopic and macroscopic aspects. Additionally, rutin nanoparticles modified TNF-alpha and oxidative stress-related markers, including GSH, NO, and SOD levels. Conclusions: Our results indicate that rutin nanoparticles exhibit significant therapeutic effects in treating UC. These findings suggest the potential of natural products and their nanoparticle formulations in treating inflammatory diseases.