Significant disruptions have recently afflicted global value chains (GVCs), causing shortages of essential products like antibiotics. Antibiotic shortages are a prioritized issue for policymakers because they increase patient suffering and healthcare costs. Focusing on the case of Sweden, we use a unique dataset of generic antibiotic GVCs and show that more than three-quarters of them entail substantial shortage risk. Through extensive qualitative data, we first identify six policies currently under discussion by Swedish policymakers to address antibiotic shortages, and then discuss their potential impact on the configuration of antibiotics GVCs, as well as how these policies change when moving from the Swedish to the EU context. Our analysis shows specifically that mandatory parallel sourcing, relocations, and new reimbursement models are the three policies with the strongest expected effects. This study contributes to the GVC and international business literature by introducing three types of mechanisms (reinforcing, gathering, and multiplying) whereby policy can affect the resilience of GVCs. We also contribute novel insights about necessary changes in policies when moving from the national (Sweden) to the supranational (EU) level, as well as about how different types of GVC governance frame the relevance of policies for other small high-income countries. In recent years, global value chains (GVCs) have faced disruptions due to events like the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and tensions between the US and China. These disruptions have highlighted the need for more resilient GVCs, especially for essential products like antibiotics. Antibiotics are crucial for treating infections and enabling other medical treatments. However, shortages of antibiotics have become a significant issue, particularly in Europe, causing patient suffering and increased healthcare costs. This study focuses on understanding how public policies can address antibiotic shortages by examining their impact on GVCs.This article explores the case of Sweden, a country with a strong pharmaceutical industry but facing antibiotic shortages due to its small market size and reliance on global suppliers. The study analyzes various policies under discussion in Sweden and the EU to improve antibiotic availability. These policies include mandatory parallel sourcing (having multiple suppliers for each antibiotic), mandatory security stocks (increasing inventory levels), facilitating factory changes (making it easier to switch production sites), relocating production closer to the market, improving information sharing across the supply chain, and introducing new reimbursement models for suppliers. The study uses data from Swedish antibiotic supply chains and expert opinions to assess the potential impact of these policies on GVC configurations.The study finds that different policies can enhance GVC resilience through mechanisms like multiplying GVCs, reinforcing existing ones, and gathering them closer to the market. For example, mandatory parallel sourcing can increase the number of suppliers, while new reimbursement models can provide financial stability to suppliers. The study also highlights the importance of considering the specific context of each country when implementing policies, as the effects can vary significantly between national and regional levels. The findings suggest that small high-income countries like Sweden can benefit from tailored policies to improve access to essential medicines. Future research could explore the implementation of these policies in other strategic sectors facing similar challenges.This text was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then reviewed by the author(s) to ensure accuracy. Des perturbations majeures ont r & eacute;cemment affect & eacute; les cha & icirc;nes de valeur mondiales (CVM), entra & icirc;nant des p & eacute;nuries de produits essentiels, notamment les antibiotiques. Ces p & eacute;nuries constituent une probl & eacute;matique prioritaire pour les d & eacute;cideurs politiques, car elles augmentent les souffrances des patients et les co & ucirc;ts des soins de sant & eacute;. En nous concentrant sur le cas de la Su & egrave;de, nous utilisons un ensemble de donn & eacute;es unique sur les CVM des antibiotiques g & eacute;n & eacute;riques et montrons que plus de trois quarts d'entre elles pr & eacute;sentent un risque & eacute;lev & eacute; de p & eacute;nurie. & Agrave; travers une analyse approfondie des donn & eacute;es qualitatives, nous identifions d'abord six politiques actuellement en discussion par les d & eacute;cideurs politiques su & eacute;dois pour rem & eacute;dier aux p & eacute;nuries d'antibiotiques, puis nous discutons de leur impact potentiel sur la configuration des CVM des antibiotiques, ainsi que des changements que ces politiques subissent lorsqu'on passe du contexte su & eacute;dois au contexte de l'Union europ & eacute;enne (UE). Notre analyse met en & eacute;vidence que l'approvisionnement parall & egrave;le obligatoire, les relocalisations et les nouveaux mod & egrave;les de remboursement sont les trois politiques ayant les effets attendus les plus marqu & eacute;s. Cette & eacute;tude contribue aux litt & eacute;ratures sur les CVM et les affaires internationales en introduisant trois types de m & eacute;canismes (renforcement, rassemblement et multiplication) par lesquels les politiques peuvent influencer la r & eacute;silience des CVM. Enfin, nous apportons des perspectives nouvelles sur les changements n & eacute;cessaires dans les politiques lorsqu'on passe du niveau national (Su & egrave;de) au niveau supranational (UE), ainsi que sur la mani & egrave;re dont diff & eacute;rents types de gouvernance des CVM encadrent la pertinence des politiques pour d'autres petits pays & agrave; revenu & eacute;lev & eacute;. Interrupciones significativas recientes han afectado las cadenas globales de valor (CGV), causando escasez de productos esenciales como los antibi & oacute;ticos. La escasez de antibi & oacute;ticos es un tema prioritario para los responsables de pol & iacute;ticas p & uacute;blicas, ya que aumenta el sufrimiento de los pacientes y los costos de atenci & oacute;n m & eacute;dica. Centr & aacute;ndonos en el caso de Suecia, utilizamos un conjunto de datos & uacute;nico sobre las CGV de antibi & oacute;ticos gen & eacute;ricos y mostramos que m & aacute;s de tres cuartas partes de estas implican un riesgo sustancial de escasez. A trav & eacute;s de datos cualitativos extensos, primero identificamos seis pol & iacute;ticas que actualmente est & aacute;n siendo discutidas por los responsables de pol & iacute;ticas suecas para abordar la escasez de antibi & oacute;ticos, y luego analizamos su impacto potencial en la configuraci & oacute;n de las CGV de antibi & oacute;ticos, as & iacute; como el cambio de estas pol & iacute;ticas al pasar del contexto sueco al contexto de la Uni & oacute;n Europea (UE). Nuestro an & aacute;lisis muestra espec & iacute;ficamente que la obligatoriedad de la adquisici & oacute;n paralela, las relocalizaciones y los nuevos modelos de reembolso son las tres pol & iacute;ticas con los efectos esperados m & aacute;s fuertes. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura sobre CGV y negocios internacionales al introducir tres tipos de mecanismos (reforzar, reunir y multiplicar) mediante los cuales las pol & iacute;ticas pueden afectar la resiliencia de las CGV. Tambi & eacute;n aportamos ideas novedosas sobre los cambios necesarios en las pol & iacute;ticas al pasar del nivel nacional (Suecia) al nivel supranacional (UE), as & iacute; como los diferentes tipos de gobernanza de las CGV enmarcan la relevancia de las pol & iacute;ticas para otros pa & iacute;ses peque & ntilde;os de altos ingresos. Recentemente, disrup & ccedil;& otilde;es significativas t & ecirc;m afetado as cadeias globais de valor (CGVs), causando escassez de produtos essenciais, como antibi & oacute;ticos. A escassez de antibi & oacute;ticos & eacute; uma quest & atilde;o priorit & aacute;ria para os formuladores de pol & iacute;ticas p & uacute;blicas, pois aumenta o sofrimento dos pacientes e os custos com sa & uacute;de. Focando no caso da Su & eacute;cia, utilizamos um conjunto de dados & uacute;nico sobre CGVs de antibi & oacute;ticos gen & eacute;ricos e mostramos que mais de tr & ecirc;s quartos dessas cadeias envolvem um risco substancial de escassez. Por meio de dados qualitativos extensivos, identificamos inicialmente seis pol & iacute;ticas atualmente em discuss & atilde;o pelos formuladores de pol & iacute;ticas suecos para lidar com a escassez de antibi & oacute;ticos e, em seguida, discutimos o impacto potencial dessas pol & iacute;ticas na configura & ccedil;& atilde;o das CGVs de antibi & oacute;ticos e tamb & eacute;m como essas pol & iacute;ticas mudam ao passar do contexto sueco para o contexto da Uni & atilde;o Europeia (UE). Nossa an & aacute;lise mostra especificamente que o fornecimento paralelo obrigat & oacute;rio, as relocaliza & ccedil;& otilde;es e os novos modelos de reembolso s & atilde;o as tr & ecirc;s pol & iacute;ticas com os efeitos esperados mais fortes. Este estudo contribui para as literaturas sobre CGVs e neg & oacute;cios internacionais ao introduzir tr & ecirc;s tipos de mecanismos (refor & ccedil;o, coleta e multiplica & ccedil;& atilde;o) pelos quais as pol & iacute;ticas podem afetar a resili & ecirc;ncia das CGVs. Tamb & eacute;m oferecemos insights inovadores sobre as mudan & ccedil;as necess & aacute;rias nas pol & iacute;ticas ao passar do n & iacute;vel nacional (Su & eacute;cia) para o n & iacute;vel supranacional (UE), assim como diferentes tipos de governan & ccedil;a das CGVs moldam a relev & acirc;ncia das pol & iacute;ticas para outros pequenos pa & iacute;ses de alta renda. (sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(GVCs)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)((sic)(sic))(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)((sic)(sic))(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). Erhebliche St & ouml;rungen haben k & uuml;rzlich die globalen Wertsch & ouml;pfungsketten (Global Value Chains, GVCs) beeintr & auml;chtigt und zu Engp & auml;ssen bei essenziellen Produkten wie Antibiotika gef & uuml;hrt. Ein Mangel an Antibiotika ist ein priorisiertes Thema f & uuml;r politische Entscheidungstr & auml;ger, da das Leid der Patienten erh & ouml;ht und die Gesundheitskosten in die H & ouml;he getrieben werden. Mit Fokus auf den Fall Schweden nutzen wir einen einzigartigen Datensatz zu generischen Antibiotika-Wertsch & ouml;pfungsketten und zeigen, dass mehr als drei Viertel von ihnen ein erhebliches Engpassrisiko aufweisen. Anhand umfangreicher qualitativer Daten identifizieren wir zun & auml;chst sechs politische Ma ss nahmen, die derzeit von schwedischen Entscheidungstr & auml;gern diskutiert werden, um Antibiotikamangel zu bek & auml;mpfen, und er & ouml;rtern anschlie ss end deren potenzielle Auswirkungen auf die Konfiguration der Antibiotika-Wertsch & ouml;pfungsketten sowie die Ver & auml;nderungen dieser Ma ss nahmen, wenn man vom schwedischen auf den EU-Kontext & uuml;bergeht. Unsere Analyse zeigt insbesondere, dass eine verpflichtende parallele Beschaffung, Verlagerungen und neue Erstattungsmodelle die drei Ma ss nahmen mit den st & auml;rksten erwarteten Auswirkungen sind. Diese Studie leistet einen Beitrag zur Literatur & uuml;ber GVCs und im Bereich International Business, indem sie drei Arten von Mechanismen (verst & auml;rkend, sammelnd und multiplizierend) einf & uuml;hrt, durch die Politik die Resilienz von GVCs beeinflussen kann. Dar & uuml;ber hinaus liefern wir neue Erkenntnisse & uuml;ber notwendige & Auml;nderungen in der Politik, wenn man vom nationalen (Schweden) auf den supranationalen (EU) Kontext & uuml;bergeht, sowie dar & uuml;ber, wie verschiedene Arten der GVC-Governance die Relevanz von politischen Ma ss nahmen f & uuml;r andere kleine, einkommensstarke L & auml;nder einrahmen.
