Recent developments in antibiotic resistance: an increasing threat to public health

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a major global health threat that puts decades of medical progress at risk. Bacteria develop resistance through various means, including modifying their targets, deactivating drugs, and utilizing efflux pump systems. The main driving forces behind ABR are excessive antibiotic use in healthcare and agriculture, environmental contamination, and gaps in the drug development process. The use of advanced detection technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based diagnostics, and metagenomics, has greatly improved the identification of resistant pathogens. The consequences of ABR on public health are significant, increased mortality rates, the endangerment of modern medical procedures, and resulting in higher healthcare expenses. It has been expected that ABR could potentially drive up to 24 million individuals into extreme poverty by 2030. Mitigation strategies focus on antibiotic stewardship, regulatory measures, research incentives, and raising public awareness. Furthermore, future research directions involve exploring the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9), nanotechnology, and big data analytics as new antibiotic solutions. This review explores antibiotic resistance, including mechanisms, recent trends, drivers, and technological advancements in detection. It also evaluates the implications for public health and presents strategies for mitigating resistance. The review emphasizes the significance of future directions and research needs, stressing the necessity for sustained and collaborative efforts to tackle this issue.