Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in buildings: a bibliometric review of trends, challenges, and future directions

This bibliometric review aims to systematically analyze the evolving research landscape on the relationship between energy consumption and CO2 emissions in buildings. Using the PRISMA methodology and Scopus database, 1,969 relevant publications were identified and analyzed through bibliometric tools, particularly VOSviewer. The review highlights significant trends, prolific authors, influential institutions, and key research themes over the past decade. Findings reveal a strong global focus on energy efficiency, the integration of renewable energy, and emissions reduction, with notable contributions from China, Italy, Spain, and the United States. Despite technological progress, critical gaps remain-especially regarding behavioral factors, socio-economic dimensions, and the affordability of energy solutions in developing regions. The study concludes by identifying emerging research directions such as AI-driven energy optimization, circular economy applications, and interdisciplinary approaches to policy and design. These insights are essential for guiding future academic efforts and informing practical strategies to mitigate climate change impacts through sustainable building practices.