Heat transfer performance appraisal of hybrid and ternary nanofluid flows over a wedge considering viscous dissipation and quadratic thermal convection: Non-similar solution approach

This study investigates the flow of ternary and hybrid nanofluids over a stretching wedge in a porous medium, incorporating quadratic thermal convection, Newtonian heating, and viscous dissipation. The hybrid nanofluid comprises magnesium and zinc oxides (MgO-ZnO), while the ternary nanofluid includes magnesium, zinc, and graphene oxides (MgO-ZnO-GO), with ethylene glycol as the base fluid. The model accounts for homogeneous-heterogeneous (HOM-HET) reactions and surface-catalyzed processes that enhance reaction rates by increasing molecular collision frequency. A non-similarity transformation is employed to convert the governing equations into a second-order truncated dimensionless form. Unlike similarity solutions, non-similar solutions offer enhanced applicability in fluid flow analysis. The bvp4c numerical method is used to compute velocity and temperature profiles versus varying physical parameters. Results indicate that the concentration of the ternary nanofluid decreases with increasing Falkner-Skan and surface-catalysis parameters. The hybrid nanofluid exhibits enhanced velocity and temperature profiles, while the ternary nanofluid achieves a higher heat transfer rate. Numerical results are validated, confirming the model's reliability.