Techno-economic analysis of smart investment strategies for urban housing and real estate

The growing demand for sustainable energy in urban housing necessitates integrating battery energy storage, hydrogen storage, and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study conducts a techno-economic analysis to optimize microgrid designs, focusing on cost efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. Three dispatch strategies-load following, cycle charging, and combination dispatch-are evaluated. Results indicate that a gridconnected PV system with cycle charging achieves the lowest net present cost ($51,809) and energy cost ($0.0171/kWh) but has high carbon emissions (38,226 kg/year). In contrast, a hydrogen-based microgrid reduces emissions by 11.54 % while enhancing energy independence. The findings highlight the trade-offs between cost-effectiveness and sustainability, providing a framework for policymakers and urban planners to design efficient and low-carbon energy solutions. This study offers practical insights into optimizing renewable energy investments for urban real estate development.