Concrete resilience under the impact of water forces: A review of abrasion resistance in hydraulic structures

Hydraulic structures including dams, spillways, and canals, are persistently exposed to substantial hydrodynamic forces that induce surface degradation, progressively diminishing the durability of concrete over time. The abrasive effects of flowing water, sediment-laden currents, and wave action gradually erode surface layers, undermining both the structural integrity and functional efficiency of these essential infrastructures. Present challenges focus on the reduced lifespan and substantial maintenance costs associated with traditional concrete under such conditions. This review seeks to assess recent research and persistent challenges in concrete technology focused on improving abrasion resistance. This study examines mass loss, wear depth, volume loss, surface failure, abrasion failure mechanism, and microstructural changes in concrete subjected to the underwater steel ball abrasion method. Furthermore, the discussion encompasses both methods for mitigating abrasion and the factors that influence abrasion resistance. The findings highlight the importance of material composition and advanced testing methods in evaluating and improving concrete abrasion resistance. Geopolymer concrete exhibits superior resistance compared to conventional concrete, and longer curing times reduce surface abrasion losses. Furthermore, advanced accelerated testing methods simulate real-world hydraulic conditions more accurately, enhancing the understanding of how different concrete formulations endure erosive forces. Overall, the results emphasize the vital role of material selection and testing methodologies in achieving concrete durability and performance in abrasive environments. The review gives a fresh perspective by assessing the often-overlooked abrasion resistance of concrete in hydraulic structures, emphasizing mitigating measures that can improve concrete's durability and long-term resilience.