Implementation of reinforcing element into 3D particle-based DEM

This research is devoted to the implementation of reinforcing element into the 3D bonded particle model without considerably increasing the computational costs. The mathematical formulation of the problem is discussed thoroughly in this work. Furthermore, physical pull-out tests were conducted on concrete blocks with embedded rockbolts or rebars. The reinforcement model represents the mechanism of fully or partially grouted rockbolts, accounting for both the axial resistance of the rebar and the shear strength of the interfacial bond (grout, resin, etc.). The model enables simulation of the micro-mechanical interaction between the reinforcement and the host medium while capturing the global behavior of the reinforced system. Validation of the numerical model was achieved through rebar pull-out tests using concrete specimens of varying strength, and rebars with different embedment lengths. The numerical model demonstrated reliable results, replicating pull-out loads, deformation, stiffness, and crack propagation patterns when compared to the physical experiments. The model can be used for geotechnical and concrete structures.