Executive compensation with environmental and social performance

How can managers be incentivized to create both financial and social value? Since managers can anticipate how their decisions impact social performance metrics, they may game a compensation scheme based on these measures. Nevertheless, the optimal compensation contract still incorporates social performance metrics when the board's preferred level of social investment exceeds the level that maximizes the stock price. In this case, gaming distorts social investments, and the sensitivity of pay to social performance is reduced to mitigate this effect. When multiple independent social performance measures are available, the inefficiencies caused by gaming can be alleviated. Our findings suggest that efforts to harmonize social performance measurement may have unintended negative consequences.