This study assesses the livelihoods of waste pickers and the potential health challenges they face, with the primary goal of informing policy development and interventions in Lagos State, Nigeria. A total of 1,274 waste pickers across 20 local governments in Lagos State were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS for Windows. Results indicated that most waste pickers were male (69%) and aged between 18 and 40. Common hazards faced by waste pickers included harassment (19%), injuries (13%), accidents (11%), and burns (7%). Despite these hazards, 50% of waste pickers earned between (sic)30,001 and (sic)50,001 (approximately $23-38.5) per month, with only a few earning above (sic)50,000. Additionally, 70% of respondents reported having savings. Respondents highlighted several measures to improve their livelihoods, including recognition, security, financial support, empowerment, and job opportunities. As a result, 71% of waste pickers expressed willingness to leave their jobs if empowered. The major hazards encountered by waste pickers include harassment (19%), injuries (13%), accidents (11%), and burns (7%).