The heart of palliative care is relational: a scoping review of the ethics of care in palliative medicine

BackgroundPalliative care, perhaps more than any subspecialty in healthcare, is deeply relational and engages patients and families at times of great vulnerability. Ethics of care, or relational ethics, developed through contributions from feminist ethics, offers conceptual tools and ways of thinking that seem especially suited to palliative care practice.AimTo identify and describe studies and theoretical analyses applying the ethics of care to palliative care (both adult and paediatric), specifically, its use to guide and improve practice and education for palliative care practitioners.DesignWe conducted a scoping review of six databases covering clinical, social science and normative ethics scholarship and conducted a thematic analysis of the findings and ethical discussions or arguments.Data sourcesDatabases searched included PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science and Philosopher's Index from 1982 to November 2024.Results30 publications meeting our inclusion criteria were identified. Major themes reflected the relational obligations, attributes and character traits ideally developed in palliative care providers in their work and relationships with patients and families, including responsiveness, connectedness and hope, as well as in caring for ourselves and each other on palliative care teams. An emerging literature recognises the special guidance for palliative care for children.ConclusionsClinical and ethical scholarship in palliative care reveals a valuable but still underexplored connection between the ethical commitments within the ethics of care tradition and palliative care training and practice. Ethics of care addresses important gaps in training, particularly having to do with practitioners' relationships and ways of being with patients, families, colleagues and themselves.