Hydrothermal synthesis and structural optimization of Bi2O3/Bi2WO6 nanocomposites for synergistic photodegradation of Indigo Carmine dye

Future research directions aim to optimize the efficiency and sustainability of bismuth-based semiconductors for environmental remediation. In this study, potent Bi2O3/Bi2WO6 composites were synthesized via a facile in situ hydrothermal-assisted impregnation of Bi3+ onto WO3 nano-substrate. Comprehensive characterization using HR-TEM, SEM-EDX, PXRD, XPS, FTIR, PL, and DRS confirmed the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized materials. The optimized Bi2O3/Bi2WO6 heterojunction exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light (λ > 350 nm) compared to pristine Bi2O3 and WO3, effectively degrading Indigo Carmine (IC) dye. The UV–Vis spectroscopy and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyses validated the degradation efficiency. A detailed photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on trapping experiments, band position calculations, and photoluminescence measurements. Furthermore, the fabricated nanocomposites demonstrated excellent stability and recyclability, highlighting their potential for environmental remediation. This study provides a promising strategy for designing efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for wastewater treatment.