Design and analysis of hybrid fractal frequency-band reconfigurable metamaterial antenna for multi-standard wireless applications

This paper presents a frequency-band reconfigurable hybrid fractal multiband antenna incorporating Moore and Koch curves for multi-standard wireless applications. The antenna features a PIN diode as a switching element, a radiating slotted patch, and a modified partial ground plane inspired by metamaterial Split Ring Resonator (SRR) cells. Designed on an Flame Retardant 4 (FR4) epoxy substrate (1.6 mm thickness, epsilon r = 4.4), the compact 29.5 x 22 x 1.6 mm3 antenna supports multiple wireless communication standards, including S-band (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), C-band (Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Amateur Radio), 5 G NR bands (n48, n77, n79, n104), X-band (terrestrial and space communication, radar), Ku-band (direct broadcast satellite, spectroscopy), and K-band (astronomical observations, automotive radar). The proposed design resonates at 3.5, 6.95, 8.89, 10.75, 14.74, 15.68, and 19.78 GHz, demonstrating stable radiation characteristics, gain, and efficiency. The optimized gain and efficiency at resonant frequencies reach 4.23 dBi and 86.23 %, respectively, with an average radiation efficiency exceeding 70 % across all operational bands. The proposed antenna offers an efficient and compact solution for advanced wireless communication systems.