Immuno-Nanotherapeutics Approach for the Treatment and Management of Alzheimer's Disease

The incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is increasing exponentially. The AD is directly correlated with dementia, cognitive impairment, social withdrawal and compromised quality of life. As of now, various mechanisms of AD pathogenesis have been explored, such as the profound role of neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, microglial activation, tau phosphorylation, etc. However, in recent times, the immune pathogenesis of AD has been extensively studied. It was found that immune alteration is positively correlated with the initiation, progression and worsening of AD. Considering this, various immunotherapeutic drugs have been studied for possible anti-Alzheimer's effect. Recently, two immunotherapeutic drugs have been approved by the FDA as a potential anti-Alzheimer drug and many others are in various phases of clinical trials. However, these drugs are associated with certain pharmacokinetic limitations, such as poor blood-brain barrier permeability and unwanted systemic toxicity. Therefore, in this article, the immune pathogenesis has discussed in-depth and highlighted various immunotherapeutic drugs that act on amyloid beta and tau protein, their status in various clinical trials and their limitations. Further, various nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have been discussed that revolutionize the management of AD from an immunotherapeutic drug point of view. Various preclinical work done on the nanocarrier-based drug delivery where immunotherapeutic drugs have been loaded and effectively brain-targeted for the management of Alzheimer's disease were also discussed.