Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Understanding CVD prevalence and risk factors in these populations is essential for improving outcomes. This study assesses CVD prevalence and associated risk factors among CKD and ESRD patients in India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2023 at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, India, including 800 adult CKD stage 3 to 5 patients, with and without dialysis. Data collection involved patient interviews, medical record reviews, clinical exams, and biochemical assessments. Logistic regression analysis identified independent predictors of CVD. Results: Among participants, 35% had coronary artery disease, 27.5% had heart failure, 20% had arrhythmias, and 15% had cerebrovascular disease. CVD prevalence was higher in ESRD patients compared to CKD patients. Significant predictors included age, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and ESRD status, with ESRD patients showing more than double the odds of developing CVD (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.85-3.40, P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study reveals a high burden of CVD among CKD and ESRD patients in India, particularly in those with ESRD. Early identification and management of cardiovascular risk factors in CKD patients are crucial to reducing the risk of complications.