Chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride: promising adjuncts in combating multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in healthcare settings

BackgroundHospital-acquired infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae pose a significant global health threat. Effective antisepsis and disinfection protocols are mandatory to prevent these infections. This study aimed to isolate Klebsiella pneumoniae, evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility, and assess the efficacy of selected biocides.MethodsFifty clinical MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were collected from various hospital departments. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride were measured via agar dilution. Conventional PCR was employed to detect biocide resistance genes (qacE triangle 1 and cepA).ResultsKlebsiella pneumoniae was identified in 19.16% of cases. All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with multiple antimicrobial resistance indices ranging from 0.24 to 0.92, reaching up to 1. Benzalkonium chloride MICs significantly increased with resistance, reaching up to 64 mu g/mL, while chlorhexidine MICs were consistent across isolates. The qacE triangle 1 and cepA genes were detected in 62% and 72% of isolates, respectively, with a significant association between qacE triangle 1 and cephalosporin resistance. No significant correlation was found between biocide MICs and clinical specimen types or hospital units.ConclusionThe cepA gene is closely associated with extensive drug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, emphasizing its role in antimicrobial resistance. Optimized biocide formulations, when properly developed and applied, can play a crucial role in combating and preventing infections caused by multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.