[1] Qingdao Univ, Business Coll, Dept Tourism Management, 308 Ning Xia Rd, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, Peoples R China
[2] Univ Alabama, Dept Human Nutr Hospitality & Sport Management, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
[3] Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Spear Sch Business, Stillwater, OK USA