[1] Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Management, Skudai, Malaysia
[2] Middle Tech Univ, Tech Inst Adm, Baghdad, Iraq
[3] Wasit Univ, Coll Adm & Econ, Kut, Iraq
[4] Sinop Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Dept Tour Guiding, Sinop, Turkiye
[5] Niccolo Cusano Univ, Fac Econ, Rome, Italy