Barriers to active transport modes in Tehran, Iran: a qualitative study from the citizens' perspective

BackgroundA physical inactivity epidemic has been described as one of the greatest public health challenges. It accounts for 6% of deaths and is the fourth most common risk factor for mortality worldwide. Active transport (i.e. cycling and walking) has been identified as a key strategy for combating physical inactivity. Our aim was to explore the barriers to and perceptions of active transport modes in Tehran from the perspective of citizens.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted using a phenomenological approach, from April to November 2024. Twenty-five individual interviews and four focus group discussions were conducted with 18 residents of Tehran. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis in MAXQDA 18 software.ResultsParticipants mentioned walking in their daily lives, but never using a bicycle. Although cycling is not a widely used mode of transport among Tehran residents, it has been reported to be a clean and environmentally friendly mode of transport and an effective vehicle for reducing traffic congestion and air pollution. Walking was also considered a convenient mode of transport that could help save money. Three main themes were identified as barriers to active transport modes: (1) individual-level factors (e.g., lack of skills and confidence); (2) social and cultural-level factors (e.g., incompatibility of women's cycling with cultural conditions); and (3) environmental-level factors (e.g., poor infrastructure).ConclusionOur study found that there are multiple barriers to cycling and walking as active modes of transport at individual, social and cultural, and environmental levels. Thus, programs or policies promoting active transport modes are effective when they target a multi-component approach.