What is the impact of dynamic score reassessment for stroke and bleeding risk outcome prediction in atrial fibrillation patients?

Introduction: Dynamic reassessment of stroke and bleeding risks is a cornerstone of patient-centered care in atrial fibrillation (AF) management. Unlike traditional approaches that evaluate these risks only at diagnosis or at initiation of oral anticoagulation, current evidence emphasizes periodic reassessment due to the evolving nature of risks. Areas covered: Stroke and bleeding risks in AF patients are influenced by aging, new comorbidities, and worsening health conditions, requiring updates to management plans to optimize outcomes. Dynamic increases in CHA2DS2-VASc (or the sex-less CHA2DS2-VA) and HAS-BLED scores are associated with heightened risks of stroke and bleeding, underscoring the need for regular reassessment. Addressing modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, renal dysfunction, and concurrent medications is key to improving outcomes. Although several guidelines now recommend risk reassessment at least annually, optimal timing remains unclear. Evidence supports more frequent reassessments for low-risk stroke patients (every 4 months) and high-risk bleeding patients (within 4-6 weeks) to promptly identify changes requiring intervention. Expert opinion: Despite its benefits, challenges remain regarding risk reassessment, including the lack of universally applicable intervals and the complexity of multidisciplinary evaluations. Future advancements in artificial intelligence tools are expected to enhance risk reassessment by enabling more precise, personalized, and dynamic patient management.