Alkaloid Extraction from Coptis chinensis Franch. Using Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants, Organic Acids, Deep Eutectic Solvents, and Supramolecular Deep Eutectic Solvents

Berberine, palmatine, and coptisine are bioactive alkaloids commonly found in medicinal plants, including Coptis chinensis Franch. (Ranunculaceae). To address the limitations of conventional volatile organic solvents, this study employed eco-friendly solvents-aqueous solutions of surfactants, carboxylic acids, and deep eutectic solvents-to extract these alkaloids. Among the solvents tested, lactic acid, malic acid, and pyruvic acid exhibited the highest extraction efficiencies. Optimal extraction conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction were determined via response surface methodology. For lactic acid, optimal conditions included a concentration of 96% (w/w), a liquid-to-solid ratio of 30.0 mL/g, and a temperature of 60.0 degrees C, yielding 139.6 +/- 0.2 mg/g of total alkaloids. Malic acid at 40.0% (w/w), 30.0 mL/g, and 80.0 degrees C produced 133.0 +/- 0.5 mg/g, while pyruvic acid at 88.0% (w/w), 30.0 mL/g, and 75.0 degrees C resulted in 146.3 +/- 0.4 mg/g. The recovery efficiencies of these alkaloids were further enhanced using macroporous resins. The XAD-8 and AB-8 resins achieved recovery rates of 80.11 +/- 0.78% and 79.00 +/- 1.06%, respectively, for lactic acid extracts. The LSA-40 resin yielded efficiencies of 95.58 +/- 1.40% and 89.86 +/- 0.90% for malic and pyruvic acid extracts, respectively. Notably, the combination of malic acid as an extraction solvent and the HPD-400 resin achieved an impressive alkaloid recovery yield of 79.52% from C. chinensis. This work represents the first reported application of this approach and highlights the potential of green solvents and macroporous resins for sustainable and efficient alkaloid extraction from C. chinensis.