Palliative Care Referral Patterns and Outcomes for Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease at an Academic Liver Transplant Center

Background: Patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) have complex needs and may benefit from palliative care (PC), which is often underutilized or delayed.Objectives: To characterize patients with ESLD who received inpatient PC consultation and to explore differences in characteristics between those who received PC consultation before (pre-Pall) or after (post-Pall) PC participation at weekly liver transplant (LT) Patient Selection Committee (PSC) meetings.Design: Single-center retrospective cohort study.Setting/Subjects: Hospitalized patients with ESLD who received inpatient PC consultation between February 2017 and February 2019 at an academic LT center in the United States.Measurements: PC referral reasons and timing, code status, hospice referrals, discharge location, and mortality.Results: Two hundred five patients were included. The primary reason for PC was goals of care (88.8%; n = 182). Most (86.8%; n = 178) were Full Code at hospital admission, while 81% (n = 166) were do-not-resuscitate at discharge. Nearly one quarter (22.9%; n = 47) sought life-prolonging care at discharge, while 41.5% (n = 85) were discharged with hospice, and 34.1% (n = 70) died before discharge. By the end of the study, 85.9% (n = 176) were confirmed as deceased. Median time from PC to hospice referral was 12 days [95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-23]. Median time from PC consult to death was 13 days [95% CI: 9-17] and from hospice referral to death was 7 days [95% CI: 4-13]. There were no statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-Pall groups related to PC referral patterns or outcomes.Conclusions: Most PC contacts occurred near end of life, and many led to comfort-focused care. Late referrals may be due to reliance on inpatient consults during acute illness. PC presence at PSC meetings represents an important step in collaboration with LT teams but did not lead to direct impact on PC referral patterns or outcomes.