Transition from vortex-induced vibrations to galloping in a flexible square prism

We study the response of a flexible prism with a square cross-section placed in cross-flow through a series of experiments conducted at increasing flow velocities. We show that as the reduced velocity (a dimensionless flow velocity that also depends on the natural frequency of the structure) is increased, the prism undergoes vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in its first mode, which then transitions to VIV in the second mode and then third mode. In these ranges, the shedding frequency is synchronised with the oscillation frequency, and the oscillations are mainly in the transverse (cross-flow - CF) direction. As we keep increasing the reduced velocity, we observe a linear increase in the amplitude of the torsional oscillations of the prism, resembling a torsional galloping. This increase in the torsional oscillations then causes an increase in the amplitudes of the CF and inline (IL) oscillations while the third structural mode is still excited in the CF direction. A transition to oscillations in the fourth structural mode is observed at higher reduced velocities, which reduces the CF and IL amplitudes, while the torsional oscillations reach a plateau. After this plateau is reached in the torsional oscillations, galloping is observed in the CF oscillations of the response, which results in large-amplitude oscillations in both the CF and IL directions. The CF galloping response at these higher reduced velocities is accompanied by a torsional VIV response and the shedding frequency is synchronised with the frequency of the torsional oscillations.