Research on Short-Term prediction precursors of Bedding-Layered sandstone based on strain monitoring

This study focuses on short-term prediction precursors for the failure of bedding-layered sandstone. By employing various monitoring techniques, including a testing machine, visible light and thermal infrared cameras, acoustic emission (AE) sensors, and strain gauges. The results indicate that the failure process of bedding-layered sandstone followed a type II rock failure mode, with the main rupture surface forming along bedding planes and releasing frictional heat energy and AE signals. The significant precursors for the failure of bedding-layered sandstone appeared during periods of slow lateral strain increase, with an advanced prediction failure time of 225 s during the stable stage in this study. The findings are valuable for improving predictive capabilities in rock mass system issues, especially for the advance prediction of failure time in high and steep dangerous rocks with well-developed bedding planes.