Greater Symptom Burden and Poorer Quality of Life Outcomes Are Associated With The Co-Occurrence of Anxiety and Depression During Cancer Chemotherapy

Objectives: Anxiety and depression are common symptoms in oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy. Study purpose was to evaluate for differences in severity of common symptoms (ie, fatigue, energy, sleep disturbance, cognitive function, pain) and quality of life (QOL) outcomes among three subgroups of oncology outpatients with distinct joint anxiety and depression profiles. Methods: Oncology outpatients (N = 1328) completed measures of state anxiety and depression, six times over two cycles of chemotherapy. Latent profile analysis was done to identify subgroups of patients with distinct joint state anxiety AND depression profiles. Patients completed measures of trait anxiety, morning and evening fatigue, morning and evening energy, sleep disturbance, cognitive function, and pain, as well as generic and disease-specific measures of QOL at enrollment. Differences among the classes in symptom severity scores and QOL scores were evaluated using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: Three distinct joint anxiety AND depression profiles were identified and named: Low Anxiety and Low Depression (57.5%, Both Low), Moderate Anxiety and Moderate Depression (33.7%, Both Moderate), and High Anxiety and High Depression (8.8%, Both High). All of the symptom severity scores showed a "dose-response effect" (ie, as the joint anxiety AND depression profiles worsened, the severity of all of the symptoms increased). Likewise, for both the general and disease-specific QOL (except spiritual well-being) measures, all of the scores decreased as the joint anxiety AND depression profiles worsened. Compared to the Both Low classes, the other two classes reported lower scores for the spiritual well-being domain. Conclusions: More than 40% of patients receiving chemotherapy experience moderate to high levels of both anxiety AND depression. These patients report an extremely high symptom burden and significant decrements in all domains of QOL. Implications for Nursing Practice: Clinicians need to perform comprehensive assessments of depression and anxiety and other common symptoms and QOL outcomes during chemotherapy. In addition, referrals for targeted interventions are needed to manage multiple symptoms and improve patients' QOL. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)