Speech Perception Is Speech Learning

Speech conveys both linguistic messages and a wealth of social and identity information about a talker. This information arrives as complex variations across many acoustic dimensions. Ultimately, speech communication depends on experience within a language community to develop shared long-term knowledge of the mapping from acoustic patterns to the category distinctions that support word recognition, emotion evaluation, and talker identification. A great deal of research has focused on the learning involved in acquiring long-term knowledge to support speech categorization. Inadvertently, this focus may give the impression of a mature learning endpoint. Instead, there seems to be no firm line between perception and learning in speech. The contributions of acoustic dimensions are malleably reweighted continuously as a function of regularities evolving in short-term input. In this way, continuous learning across speech impacts the very nature of the mapping from sensory input to perceived category. This article presents a case study in understanding how incoming sensory input-and the learning that takes place across it-interacts with existing knowledge to drive predictions that tune the system to support future behavior.