Knowledge exchange in peripheral coworking spaces: A study of proximities using social network analysis

As coworking spaces expand beyond large urban centres into more peripheral regions, they are emerging as potential entrepreneurial hubs, fostering knowledge exchange networks among entrepreneurs, self-employed individuals and other relevant economic actors. However, the factors influencing the formation of these networks and the role that different actors play remain underexplored. This study analyses the structure of the network of a coworking space and identifies the variables that influence knowledge exchanges, measuring the effect of different proximity dimensions. Using a case study of a well-established coworking in Petrer, a small 'left-behind' city in Eastern Spain, the study employs a social network analysis approach to analyse the knowledge-sharing network. In contrast to previous studies, it includes a full-network survey of the community, including not only coworkers but also coworking managers, ex-coworkers, and other collaborators of the space. Additional interviews, a focus group, and participatory observation contribute to providing deeper insights. By mapping and analysing the knowledge exchange network, the study sheds light on the behaviour of the different groups in knowledge sharing, highlighting the relevance of the coworking managers in building these networks. Furthermore, the study employs a multivariate exponential random graph model to demonstrate that while more frequent co-location strengthens social ties, temporary proximity is sufficient to stimulate knowledge exchanges. Moreover, non-geographical dimensions of proximity, such as organisational, social, and, to a lesser extent, institutional, are found to have an effect on knowledge sharing, while cognitive proximity does not appear to be significant.